Historically, the livelihoods of indigenous Amazonian peoples have depended on the forest for food, shelter, water, fibre, fuel and medicines. Until 2015, only 8% of Amazonian deforestation occurred in forests inhabited by indigenous peoples, while 88% of occurred in the less than 50% of the Amazon area that is neither indigenous territory nor protected area. More than one-third of the Amazon forest belongs to more than 3,344 formally acknowledged indigenous territories. Much of the remaining deforestation within the Amazon has resulted from farmers clearing land (sometimes using the slash-and-burn method) for small-scale subsistence agriculture or mechanized cropland producing soy, palm, and other crops. By 1995, 70% of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91% of land deforested since 1970 had been converted to cattle ranching. The vast majority of agricultural activity resulting in deforestation was subsidized by government tax revenue.
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The cattle sector of the Brazilian Amazon, incentivized by the international beef and leather trades, has been responsible for about 80% of all deforestation in the region, or about 14% of the world's total annual deforestation, making it the world's largest single driver of deforestation. The majority of the forest is contained within Brazil, with 60%, followed by Peru with 13%, Colombia with 10%, and with minor amounts in Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. This region includes territory belonging to nine nations. It represents over half of the planet's rainforests, and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world. The Amazon rainforest is the largest rainforest in the world, covering an area of 6,000,000 km 2 (2316612.95 square miles). Deforestation in the Maranhão state, Brazil, in July 2016
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